In the second half of the nineteenth century, social theories from Ida B. Wells-Barnett powerful blows against the mainstream White male ideologies of her time. Ida Wells was on 16 July 1862, was born in Holly Springs, Mississippi. It was the second year of the Civil War, and she was born into a slave. Her mother, Lizzie Warrenton, was a cook, and her father, James, was a carpenter. Ida's parents believed that education was very important and after the war, she wrote herchildren in Rust College, the local school set up by the Freedmen's Aid Society (Hine 1993). Founded in 1866, the Society established schools and colleges for recently freed slaves in the South, and it was at Rust College that Ida learned to read and write.
Everything changed for Ida the summer she turned sixteen. Both of her parents and her infant brother died during a yellow fever epidemic, and Ida was left to care for her remaining five siblings. She began teaching at a rural school for $ 25 a month and a year later took a job in Memphis, Tennessee, in separate black schools in the city. Upon arrival teaching salaries were higher than in Memphis, Mississippi, Wells-Barnett found that although teach a greater demand for educated people, there was a greater need for qualified. According to Salley (1993), because they have skills needed to teach, "she wrote in Fisk University and gained her qualifications in anYear. On the way back to Memphis by an educational convention in New York, she was with racist provocation for the first time met during the trip by rail. Ida had asked the conductor to move to the segregated car, even if they paid for a ticket in the women's coach car.
She refused to go to, and bit the conductor's hand as he pressed her violently from the car. She sued the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad, and received $ 500 from a local court. Even if theyHe won the case, read the headlines, "Darky DAMSEL GETS DAMAGES," and the decision was on the Tennessee Supreme Court an appeal and was reversed (Bolden, 1996). She was ordered to pay court freed in the amount of $ 200. The incident outraged Ida and she spurred to investigate and report on other incidents of racism. By the inequality of Black and White Outraged schools in Memphis and the injustice of racial segregation, Ida was a community activist and began writing articlesattention to the plight of African-Americans. She wrote for a weekly newspaper called The Living Black Way. Wells-Barnett teaching career ended their "release in 1891 to protest about conditions in Black schools" (Salley, 1993, p.115). During her time as a teacher collected, Wells-Barnett is said to have along with other black teachers, and "joint letters and discussion on Friday evening, and a newspaper for the week of events and producesGossip. "(Lenger man and Niebrügge-Brantley, 1998, p.151). The newspaper was officially established and published under the name Memphis Free Speech and Headlight will be distributed throughout the Community a return years after she was fired. It has been said that had been their motivation, a social analyst, the results of its examination of the Memphis Free Speech and Headlight, both as an editor and columnist under the pseudonym Lola and shareholding. Unfortunately, it isPrinting press was destroyed and she was out of town by a white mob (Sally, 1993). After she dismissed from her teaching career, then lynch her attention from the schools to the problem that their work would be moved to master for most of her life. Lynching was the brutal and lawless killing of black men and women who are often falsely accused of a crime, and is usually perpetrated by large violent mob of whites.
It was during this era of Reconstruction after the Civil War, theBlack men from civil immediate gains such as voting, public offices and land tenure. Nevertheless evolved groups like the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) at the turn of the century as a response. They made it difficult for southern blacks vote to live in peace, try to white supremacy through coercion and violence, including lynching (Salzman, 2004) obtained. Angry with the Memphis lynching in 1892, which involved a close friend, expressed Ida brought her grief in an editorial: "TheCity of Memphis has demonstrated that neither character nor standing of blacks served if he dares to protect himself against the white man or his rivals. There is nothing we do about the lynching now, as we are outnumbered and without arms. So there is only one thing we can do to save our money and leave town, neither protects our lives and property, nor does it give us a fair trial in the courts when accused of White "(Hine, 1993).
At the same time, Wellslynch saw what was really an excuse to keep down "the nigger" and to lead Blacks, "acquired the wealth and property." (Duster, 1971), this triggered their investigation into the causes of lynching. As the whites could no longer hold blacks as slaves, they found in another mob violence means for maintaining a system of "economic, psychological and sexual exploitation" (Duster, 1971).
Moreover, the results of its investigation and editorial replaced the black community tofight back and encourage all who could be trusted, and those that the City Railroad Company has remained boycott. Ida saw the success of the boycott, and claimed that "the appeal to the pocket of the white man has always been made more efficient than ever, all appeals to his conscience." (Duster, 1971).
As mentioned earlier, because of the racial identity of Well-Barnett, social theory was mentioned also learn through the unfolding of events within their community as characterized by the first generationAfrican-Americans after the liberation (and Lengerman Niebrügge-Brantley, 1998). After Lengerman and Niebrügge-Brantley (1998): "This community has as an assumption that White dominance and the accompanying doctrine of white supremacy had to be confronted. American Social Darwinists gave doctrine of White intellectual legitimacy to Whites, which meant at that time, Anglo -Saxon imperialism abroad and the supremacy at home, provides a dogma, as in James K. Hosmer 's "ShortHistory of the Anglo-Saxon Freedom "(p. 159). Wells-Barnett's social theory is regarded as a radical non-Marxist conflict theory, focusing on a" pathological interaction between differences and power in American society. One condition that they label different than oppression, domination, oppression, despotism, subordination, oppression, tyranny, and our American conflict. "(Lengerman and Niebrügge-Brantley, 1998, p.161).
Your social theory was also known as "Black FeminismSociology, "and after Lengerman and Niebrügge-Brantley (1998), there were four topics presented in the theory: one, her object of social analysis and an appropriate method to the project, two, their model of the social world, three, their theory of domination and four, an alternative to their rule. Although these four issues were presented in their theory, one could assume that the main topic was about the four effects of a moral form of resistance against oppression,be seen not far-fetched that the repression was the major theme in her life.
She used a surprisingly straightforward style of writing a very bold argument against lynching prove discrediting the excuse rape and other excuses. Wells uses concrete examples and sociological theories to refute the arguments made to the lynching by Southerners. In its brochures, Wells describes the views of African-Americans in the 1890s. Southerners allowed widespread lynching in hidingbehind the pretext of "defending the honor of women." (Jones-Royster, 1997).
The charge of rape was used in many cases to lynch innocent African-American men. The sacrifice of innocence was often made after his death to the test. Wells, that the rape of white women by Negro men, a blatant lie. Wells supports her statements with several stories about the mutual relations between white women and black men. White people are free to have relations with colored women, but people of colorreceive death for relations with white women (Duster, 1971). Like Wells, the excuses used by whites to torture and murder African-Americans were wrong. In any case, this type of crime can ever really be justified because of the crimes of the victim. Which have been done, perhaps for obvious reasons, these crimes, hate and fear. Causing differences between groups of people are always afraid of the unknown, which translates into hate. White no longer rely on African-American slave laborfor their livelihood. If African-Americans were slaves, they were served as "property" and "of course, it more profitable to sell as slaves, kill them" (Jones-Royster, 1997). For all the restraint of "property" and "profit rose, whites were tortured during and after the reconstruction are free in their fear and hate and to kill African-Americans.
Wells' research has shown that regardless of whether they are unemployed or poor and middle class,educated and successful, all blacks were vulnerable to lynching. Black women were also of mob violence and terror victims. Occasionally they were lynched for alleged crimes and insults, but more often the women were left behind as survivors of lynching. Until that time, African Americans had almost never been free from any form of persecution, the period of reconstruction was particularly difficult. With the emergence of lynching steadily without hope of a submission,their newfound freedom little security guaranteed. Finally, Wells moved to Chicago in 1893 to protest the racism of the exclusion of African Americans from the World's Fair. With the help of Frederick Douglass, she distributed 20,000 brochures entitled "The Reason Why the Colored American is not in the Columbian Exposition." On 27 June 1895, she married Ferdinand Lee Barnett, lawyer and editor of the Chicago Conservator, and continued to write while raising four childrenwith him (Duster, 1971).
Ida was a firm believer in the power of the vote to effect change for African-American women and men. She saw liberation as the key to reform and equality, and she integrated women's suffrage movement by marching in the parade in 1913 in voting Washington, DC, with the all white Illinois delegation (Sterling, 1979). She continued to write in later years and remained one of the most widely syndicated black columnist in America. She publishedArticles about the breed and injustices that were printed in African-American newspapers nationwide. Toward the end of her life Ida worked, the social and political concerns of African-Americans in Chicago address. She made an unsuccessful run as an independent candidate for the Senate from Illinois in 1930 and died the next year of kidney disease uremia (Duster, 1971). Wells-Barnett's influence was profound. If the federal government built the first low-income housingProject in Chicago's Black Belt "in 1940, it was named in her honor (Sterling, 1979). Her autobiography was posthumously by her daughter, Alfreda Duster, published in 1971. In Chicago, she helped a number of Black women and reform organizations such as the Ida B. Wells Club, which found a candidate Alpha Club of Chicago and the Chicago Negro Fellowship League. She also served as director of Chicago's Cook County League of Women's Clubs. These clubs were a means for blacks tojoin together to support and effect change (Duster, organize 1971). At the national level, Wells-Barnett was a central figure in the founding of the National Association of Colored Women, a visible organization that works for adequate child care, training and wage equity, and against lynching separation and transportation.
Ida B. Wells-Barnett 's passion for justice made her a tireless fighter for the rights of African-Americans and women. She was a socialReformer, a feminist, civil rights activist and a philanthropist. Her writings, regardless of the danger to their safety and lives, raising public awareness and involvement of a number of social ills as a result of oppression and murder of African Americans address. Their service time through the creation of numerous clubs and organizations to improve the lives of their people. Her work in Chicago, in her last years has focused on providing for the needs of urban African AmericanPopulation. After the settlement Jane Addams' house efforts Wells created a model town houses for black men, where they live safely and have access to recreational pleasure, while they searched for employment (Hines, 1993). Ida B. Wells-Barnett is sometimes referred to as the "mother of the civil rights movement." She refused, of the whites only car to be moved eighty years before the famous Rosa Parks held her seat on an Alabama bus. She encouraged the BlackCommunity to take measures to gain political rights, with the same resources that successfully much later in the civil rights movement would be used as economic and transport boycotts (Hines, 1993).
In a similar way as Margaret Sanger (the Birth Control Movement) and Susan B. Anthony (the Women's Suffrage movement), Wells-Barnett, a woman who was her whole life dedicated to preserving their fixed assumptions about social reforms. She began by being aware of the differences in theEducation and school for children and Black spent much of her life working to eliminate lynching by raising public awareness (Hines, 1993). Ida, by their example, increased writings, speaking, and service in various organizations, the voice of equality between women and suffrage. She was a pioneering black journalist, and led a very public life at a time to participate than most women, black or white, not active in the male political arena. Ida B. Wells-Barnett wasMany prominent leaders and reformers, male and female, in relation to their lifetime. Among them: Jane Addams (1860-1935) was a social reformer, social worker and founder of Chicago's Hull House, the most famous houses of the settlement. Addams and Wells-Barnett successfully worked together to the separation of public schools in Chicago (Sterling, block 1979). She was also to WEB DuBois (1868-1963), a famous black scholar, sociologist, scientist, writer was connected,and civil rights activist who accomodationist expressed opposition to the views of his contemporary, Booker T. Washington (1856-1915). Washington urged African Americans to focus on improving themselves through education and economic opportunity, rather than the white button for the political rights.
Ida B. Wells outwardly disagreed with Booker T. Washington 's position on industrial training and was with his implication that "blacks were illiterate and immoral hurt, until the arrival ofTuskegee. "(Hine, 1993) Outraged by his speeches, as she's rejection of a college education as a" bitter pill. "(Hine, 1993). She wrote an article entitled" Booker T. Washington and his critics ", in relation to commercial training." The gospel of work is not new to the Negroes. It is the south of the old practice of slavery in a new dress. "(Hine, 1993).
She felt that would limit itself only to industrial training, opportunities for aspiring young blacks, and she sawWashington as no better than the whites, who justify their actions by lynching. Wells-Barnett joined DuBois in his belief that African Americans should militantly demand civil rights, and the two worked together on several occasions, with the strongest co-founder of the NAACP. The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), of which Ida B. Wells-Barnett was a founding member, is still a large organization with thousands of members nationwide(Hines, 1993). The Association continues to represent and litigate for civil rights for African Americans.
Two of the main issues on which Wells-Barnett worked, are anti-lynching and women's suffrage, now existing problems. Lynching is a federal crime, and women received the vote in 1920 with the adoption of the nineteenth amendment to the Constitution. For this reason, neighboring groups, which emerged at the time, as the anti-lynching League, the Freedmen's Aid Society and the NationalAssociation of Colored Women are no longer available. Nevertheless, the League of Women Voters was founded as an outgrowth of the feminist movement to life and is an organization which remains between men and women about their responsibilities as voters. Wells-Barnett's contribution to the field of sociology is so important that their work is over, "or simultaneously with the now canonized posts by White male thinkers such as Emile Durkheim, Max Weber, Georg Simmel and George HerbertMead, and the contributions of female white sociologists such as Adams, Gilman, Marianne Weber, Webb, and the Chicago Women "(Lengerman and Niebrügge-Brantley, 1998, p. 171). Mrs. Wells-Barnett is an inspiring example of the power of the written word and the will to succeed despite the odds. She was an African American woman, the daughter of slaves, and as the lowest of the low on the totem pole in American historical society, and her tenacity, ambition, courageand changed the desire for justice history. She was direct and had power in a time that was unheard of by a woman, especially a black woman. A reformer of her time, she thought she had African-Americans to organize themselves and fight for their independence against white oppression. She woke up the white South to the stubborn defense and began the awakening of the conscience of the nation.
Through its campaign, writings and agitation crucial questions raised about the future ofBack Americans. Today, African-Americans do not rally against the oppression, like the previous one. Gone are the days when organized together blacks, blacks now live in a society that does not want to engage as a whole. What this generation does not realize that, although the days of Jim Crow are gone, it is important to recognize that the struggle for equality is never finished. In the preface of On Lynching: Southern Horrors, A and A Red Record Mob Rule in New Orleans(a compilation of their most important works), she writes, "The Afro-American is not a bestial race. If it can work in any way contribute to this evidence and at the same time, the conscience of the American people awaken to a demand for justice for every citizen, and punishment by the law for the lawless, would I have the feeling I done my race a service. Other considerations are of secondary importance "(Wells, 1969).